Acne is a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria.

Acne vulgaris, the medical term for common acne, is the most common skin disease. It affects nearly 17 million people in the United States. While acne can arise at any age, it usually begins at puberty and worsens during adolescence. Nearly 85% of people develop acne at some time between the ages of 12-25 years. Up to 20% of women develop mild acne. It is also found in some newborns.

The sebaceous glands lie just beneath the skin's surface. They produce an oil called sebum, the skin's natural moisturizer. These glands and the hair follicles within which they are found are called sebaceous follicles. These follicles open onto the skin through pores. At puberty, increased levels of androgens (male hormones) cause the glands to produce too much sebum. When excess sebum combines with dead, sticky skin cells, a hard plug, or comedo, forms that blocks the pore. Mild noninflammatory acne consists of the two types of comedones, whiteheads and blackheads.

Moderate and severe inflammatory types of acne result after the plugged follicle is invaded by Propionibacterium acnes, a bacteria that normally lives on the skin. A pimple forms when the damaged follicle weakens and bursts open, releasing sebum, bacteria, and skin and white blood cells into the surrounding tissues. Inflamed pimples near the skin's surface are called papules; when deeper, they are called pustules. The most severe type of acne consists of cysts (closed sacs) and nodules (hard swellings). Scarring occurs when new skin cells are laid down to replace damaged cells.

The most common sites of acne are the face, chest, shoulders, and back since these are the parts of the body where the most sebaceous follicles are found.

The exact cause of acne is unknown. Several risk factors have been identified:

• Age. Due to the hormonal changes they experience, teenagers are more likely to develop acne.
• Gender. Boys have more severe acne and develop it more often than girls.
• Disease. Hormonal disorders can complicate acne in girls.
• Heredity. Individuals with a family history of acne have greater susceptibility to the disease.
• Hormonal changes. Acne can flare up before menstruation, during pregnancy, and menopause.

• Diet. No foods cause acne, but certain foods may cause flare-ups.
• Drugs. Acne can be a side effect of drugs including tranquilizers, antidepressants, antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and anabolic steroids.
• Personal hygiene. Abrasive soaps, hard scrubbing, or picking at pimples will make them worse.
• Cosmetics. Oil-based makeup and hair sprays worsen acne.
• Environment. Exposure to oils and greases, polluted air, and sweating in hot weather aggravate acne.
• Stress. Emotional stress may contribute to acne.

Acne is usually not conspicuous, although inflamed lesions may cause pain, tenderness, itching, or swelling. The most troubling aspects of these lesions are the negative cosmetic effects and potential for scarring. Some people, especially teenagers, become emotionally upset about their condition, and have problems forming relationships or keeping jobs.

Acne patients are often treated by family doctors. Complicated cases are referred to a dermatologist, a skin disease specialist, or an endocrinologist, a specialist who treats diseases of the body's endocrine (hormones and glands) system.

Acne treatment consists of reducing sebum production, removing dead skin cells, and killing bacteria with topical drugs and oral medications. Treatment choice depends upon whether the acne is mild, moderate, or severe.

TOPICAL DRUGS. Treatment for mild noninflammatory acne consists of reducing the formation of new comedones with topical tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, adapalene, or salicylic acid. Tretinoin is especially effective because it increases turnover (death and replacement) of skin cells. When complicated by inflammation, topical antibiotics may be added to the treatment regimen. Improvement is usually seen in two to four weeks.

Topical medications are available as cream, gel, lotion, or pad preparations of varying strengths. They include antibiotics (agents that kill bacteria), such as erythromycin, clindamycin (Cleocin-T), and meclocycline (Meclan); comedolytics (agents that loosen hard plugs and open pores) such as the vitamin A acid tretinoin (Retin-A), salicylic acid, adapalene (Differin), resorcinol, and sulfur. Drugs that act as both comedolytics and antibiotics, such as benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid (Azelex), or benzoyl peroxide plus erythromycin (Benzamycin), are also used. These drugs may be used for months to years to achieve disease control.

After washing with mild soap, the drugs are applied alone or in combination, once or twice a day over the entire affected area of skin. Possible side effects include mild redness, peeling, irritation, dryness, and an increased sensitivity to sunlight that requires use of a sunscreen.

ORAL DRUGS. Oral antibiotics are taken daily for two to four months. The drugs used include tetracycline, erythromycin, minocycline (Minocin), doxycycline, clindamycin (Cleocin), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). Possible side effects include allergic reactions, stomach upset, vaginal yeast infections, dizziness, and tooth discoloration.

The goal of treating moderate acne is to decrease inflammation and prevent new comedone formation. One effective treatment is topical tretinoin along with a topical or oral antibiotic. A combination of topical benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin is also very effective. Improvement is normally seen within four to six weeks, but treatment is maintained for at least two to four months.

A drug reserved for the treatment of severe acne, oral isotretinoin (Accutane), reduces sebum production and cell stickiness. It is the treatment of choice for severe acne with cysts and nodules, and is used with or without topical or oral antibiotics. Taken for four to five months, it provides long-term disease control in up to 60% of patients. If the acne reappears, another course of isotretinoin may be needed by about 20% of patients, while another 20% may do well with topical drugs or oral antibiotics. Side effects include temporary worsening of the acne, dry skin, nosebleeds, vision disorders, and elevated liver enzymes, blood fats and cholesterol. This drug must not be taken during pregnancy since it causes birth defects.

Anti-androgens, drugs that inhibit androgen production, are used to treat women who are unresponsive to other therapies. Certain types of oral contraceptives (for example, Ortho-Tri-Cyclen) and female sex hormones (estrogens) reduce hormone activity in the ovaries. Other drugs, for example, spironolactone and corticosteroids, reduce hormone activity in the adrenal glands. Improvement may take up to four months.

Oral corticosteroids, or anti-inflammatory drugs, are the treatment of choice for an extremely severe, but rare type of destructive inflammatory acne called acne fulminans, found mostly in adolescent males. Acne conglobata, a more common form of severe inflammation, is characterized by numerous, deep, inflammatory nodules that heal with scarring. It is treated with oral isotretinoin and corticosteroids.

Several surgical or medical treatments are available to alleviate acne or the resulting scars:

• Comedone extraction. The comedo is removed from the pore with a special tool.

• Chemical peels. Glycolic acid is applied to peel off the top layer of skin to reduce scarring.
• Dermabrasion. The affected skin is frozen with a chemical spray, and removed by brushing or planing.
• Punch grafting. Deep scars are excised and the area repaired with small skin grafts.
• Intralesional injection. Corticosteroids are injected directly into inflamed pimples.
• Collagen injection. Shallow scars are elevated by collagen (protein) injections.

Alternative treatments for acne focus on proper cleansing to keep the skin oil-free; eating a well-balanced diet high in fiber, zinc, and raw foods; and avoiding alcohol, dairy products, smoking, caffeine, sugar, processed foods, and foods high in iodine, such as salt. Supplementation with herbs such as burdock root (Arctium lappa), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum), and with nutrients such as essential fatty acids, vitamin B complex, zinc, vitamin A, and chromium is also recommended. Chinese herbal remedies used for acne include cnidium seed (Cnidium monnieri) and honeysuckle flower (Lonicera japonica). Wholistic physicians or nutritionists can recommend the proper amounts of these herbs.

Acne is not curable, although long-term control is achieved in up to 60% of patients treated with isotretinoin. It can be controlled by proper treatment, with improvement taking two or more months. Acne tends to reappear when treatment stops, but spontaneously improves over time. Inflammatory acne may leave scars that require further treatment.

There are no sure ways to prevent acne, but the following steps may be taken to minimize flare-ups:

• gentle washing of affected areas once or twice every day
• avoid abrasive cleansers
• use noncomedogenic makeup and moisturizers
• shampoo often and wear hair off face
• eat a well-balanced diet, avoiding foods that trigger flare-ups
• unless told otherwise, give dry pimples a limited amount of sun exposure
• do not pick or squeeze blemishes
• reduce stress

Billings, Laura. "Getting Clear." Health Magazine (April 1997): 48-52.

American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumburg, IL 60168-4014. (847) 330-0230. Fax: (847) 330-0050. http://www.aad.org.

bromide acne  an acneiform eruption without comedones, one of the most constant symptoms of brominism.

common acne  a. vulgaris.

acne congloba´ta , conglobate acne severe acne with many comedones, marked by suppuration, cysts, sinuses, and scarring.

acne cosme´tica  a persistent, low-grade acne usually affecting the chin and cheeks of a woman who uses cosmetics.

acne deter´gicans  aggravation of existing acne lesions by too frequent and too severe washing with comedogenic soaps and rough cloths or pads.

acne ful´minans  a rare form affecting teenage males, marked by sudden onset of fever and eruption of highly inflammatory, tender, ulcerative, and crusted lesions on the back, chest, and face.

halogen acne  an acneiform eruption from ingestion of the simple salts of bromine and iodine present in cold remedies, sedatives, analgesics, and vitamins.

acne indura´ta  a progression of papular acne, with deep-seated and destructive lesions that may produce severe scarring.

acne keloid  development of persistent hard follicular plaques along the posterior hairline of the scalp that fuse to form a thick, sclerotic, hypertrophic, pseudokeloidal band across the occiput.

acne mecha´nica , mechanical acne aggravation of existing acne lesions by mechanical factors such as rubbing or stretching, as by chin straps, clothing, back packs, casts, and seats.

acne necro´tica milia´ris  a rare and chronic form of folliculitis of the scalp, occurring principally in adults, with formation of tiny superficial pustules which are destroyed by scratching; see also a. varioliformis.

acne papulo´sa  acne vulgaris with the formation of papules.

pomade acne  acne vulgaris in blacks who groom their scalp and facial hair with greasy lubricants, marked by closed comedones on the forehead, temples, cheeks, and chin.

premenstrual acne  acne of a cyclic nature, appearing shortly before (rarely after) the onset of menses.

acne rosa´cea  rosacea.

tropical acne , acne tropica´lis a severe and extensive form of acne occurring in hot, humid climates, with nodular, cystic, and pustular lesions chiefly on the back, buttocks, and thighs; conglobate abscesses frequently form, especially on the back.

acne variolifor´mis  a rare condition with reddish-brown, papulopustular umbilicated lesions, usually on the brow and scalp; probably a deep variant of a. necrotica miliaris.

acne venena´ta  acne produced by contact with a great variety of acnegenic chemicals, including those used in cosmetics and grooming agents and in industry.

acne vulga´ris  chronic acne, usually occurring in adolescence, with comedones, papules, nodules, and pustules on the face, neck, and upper part of the trunk.

Citation

For Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine:

acne. (n.d.) Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (2008). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Dorland's Medical Dictionary:

acne. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary:

acne. (n.d.) The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Mosby's Medical Dictionary:

acne. (n.d.) Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. (2009). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Miller-Keane Encyclopedia:

acne. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine:

acne. (n.d.) Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2005). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Dental Dictionary:

acne. (n.d.) Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. (2008). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For Veterinary Dictionary:

acne. (n.d.) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed.. (2007). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne

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For McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine:

acne. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. (2002). Retrieved October 14 2012 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne